Pardes This title, which means "orchard" in Hebrew, is a mnemonic work used in the thirteenth century to stand for the four basic approaches to interpreting biblical text: Peshat (literal meaning); Remez (allegorical, often philosophical); Drash (haggada, use of legend); and Sod (mystical). Betty Rogers Rubenstein, Samuel Bak . The unanswered Question, 1994